I did some tests a year ago concerning multicore with java 7. First I implemented some calculations only in the main thread (CPU usage showed that only one core did all the work
Java 8 does not automatically distribute the work on all CPU cores, unless your code requests it explicitly (for example by using parallel streams).
In some special cases the Hotspot compiler will auto-vectorize the code, see for example JDK-6340864. However, automatic vectorization is using special SIMD CPU instructions, not multiple CPUs.
Also see these answers:
(Note that I rewrote the answer, removing the part which was corrected by the comments)