I just want to add some more alternatives to this common request.
- libgoffice
This is the library used by Gnumeric and AbiWord, so it is actively maintained and fairly stable: one of the sanest alternative currently available. Unfortunately, there is no official home page and it lacks beginners documentation.
- GtkDatabox
It recently changed the maintainer, so there is some uncertainty in the future. It used to be a good solution for rendering a lot of data in line plots.
- GtkExtra2
This was the old de-facto standard of plotting charts in GTK+. The jump to GTK+2 seems to have been fatal to this project.
- GTK+ instrumentation widgets and GLineGraph
Somewhat spartans but good for simple stuff.
Other than that, a lot of projects implement internally some kind of GTK+ charting. Other than the yet cited Gnuplot, there is also Gwyddion and gretl. And I'm pretty sure I'm missing tons of others.
In conclusion, there is no general consensus nor a de-facto standard for charting in the GTK+ world...