Javascript function scoping and hoisting

Question

I just read a great article about JavaScript Scoping and Hoisting by Ben Cherry in which he gives the following example:

var a = 1;

function b() {
    a =          


        

Answer 1

ES5: function hoisting & variable hoisting

function hoisting priority is greater than variable hoisting

"use strict";

/**
 *
 * @author xgqfrms
 * @license MIT
 * @copyright xgqfrms
 * @created 2016-06-01
 * @modified
 *
 * @description function-hoisting.js
 * @augments
 * @example
 * @link
 *
 */

(function() {
  const log = console.log;

  var a = 1;
  function b() {
    a = 10;
    log(`local a`, a)
    return;
    // function hoisting priority is greater than variable hoisting
    function a() {}
  }
  b();
  log(`global a`, a);
  // local a 10
  // global a 1
})();

which is equal to

(function() {
  const log = console.log;

  // define "a" in global scope
  var a = 1;
  function b() {
    // define "a" in local scope
    var a ;
    // assign function to a
    a = function () {};
    // overwrites local variable "a"
    a = 10;
    log(`local a`, a);
    return;
  }

  b();
  // log global variable "a"
  log(`global a`, a);

  // local a 10
  // global a 1
})();

the reason behind of hoisting

var a = 1;                
//"a" is global scope
function b() {  
   var a = function () {}; 
   //"a" is local scope 
   var x = 12; 
   //"x" is local scope 
   a = 10;
   //global variable "a" was overwrited by the local variable "a"  
   console.log("local a =" + a);
   return console.log("local x = " + x);
}       
b();
// local a =10
// local x = 12
console.log("global a = " + a);
// global a = 1
console.log("can't access local x = \n");
// can't access local x = 
console.log(x);
// ReferenceError: x is not defined

/**
 *  scpope & closure & hoisting (var/function)
 *  
 * 1. scpope : the global var can be access in any place(the whole file scope), local var only can be accessed by the local scope(function/block scope)!
 * Note: if a local variable not using var keywords in a function, it will become a global variable!
 * 
 * 2. closure : a function inner the other function, which can access local scope(parent function) & global scope, howerver it's vars can't be accessed by others! unless, your return it as return value!
 * 
 * 3. hoisting : move all declare/undeclare vars/function to the scope top, than assign the value or null!
 * Note: it just move the declare, not move the value!
 * 
 */

ES6 let, const no exist hoisting

(() => {
  const log = console.log;
  log(a)
  // Error: Uncaught ReferenceError: Cannot access 'a' before initialization
  let a = 1;
})();

(() => {
  const log = console.log;
  log(b)
  // Error: Uncaught ReferenceError: Cannot access 'b' before initialization
  const b = 1;
})();

refs

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/var

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/const