What is the most appropriate (smallest, simplest) container to use for a data only Docker container?
In the documentation they use the training/postgres container. Howe
Busybox is a base image, not a user image, and thus a little more practical for production use, it is also tiny.
The image docker page here
BusyBox: The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
At about 2.5 Mb in size. Busybox is one of the smallest Linux distribution available.
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU fileutils, shellutils, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox provides a fairly complete environment for any small or embedded system.