Using YOLO or other image recognition techniques to identify all alphanumeric text present in images

Question

I have multiple images diagram, all of which contains labels as alphanumeric characters instead of just the text label itself. I want my YOLO model to identify all the numbers &

Answer 1

A possible approach is to use the EAST (Efficient and Accurate Scene Text) deep learning text detector based on Zhou et al.’s 2017 paper, EAST: An Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector. The model was originally trained for detecting text in natural scene images but it may be possible to apply it on diagram images. EAST is quite robust and is capable of detecting blurred or reflective text. Here is a modified version of Adrian Rosebrock's implementation of EAST. Instead of applying the text detector directly on the image, we can try to remove as much non-text objects on the image before performing text detection. The idea is to remove horizontal lines, vertical lines, and non-text contours (curves, diagonals, circular shapes) before applying detection. Here's the results with some of your images:

Input -> Non-text contours to remove in green

Result

Other images

The pretrained frozen_east_text_detection.pb model necessary to perform text detection can be found here. Although the model catches most of the text, the results are not 100% accurate and has occasional false positives probably due to how it was trained on natural scene images. To obtain more accurate results you would probably have to train your own custom model. But if you want a decent out-of-the-box solution then this should work you. Check out Adrian's OpenCV Text Detection (EAST text detector) blog post for a more comprehensive explanation of the EAST text detector.

Code

from imutils.object_detection import non_max_suppression
import numpy as np
import cv2

def EAST_text_detector(original, image, confidence=0.25):
    # Set the new width and height and determine the changed ratio
    (h, W) = image.shape[:2]
    (newW, newH) = (640, 640)
    rW = W / float(newW)
    rH = h / float(newH)

    # Resize the image and grab the new image dimensions
    image = cv2.resize(image, (newW, newH))
    (h, W) = image.shape[:2]

    # Define the two output layer names for the EAST detector model that
    # we are interested -- the first is the output probabilities and the
    # second can be used to derive the bounding box coordinates of text
    layerNames = [
        "feature_fusion/Conv_7/Sigmoid",
        "feature_fusion/concat_3"]

    net = cv2.dnn.readNet('frozen_east_text_detection.pb')

    # Construct a blob from the image and then perform a forward pass of
    # the model to obtain the two output layer sets
    blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(image, 1.0, (W, h), (123.68, 116.78, 103.94), swapRB=True, crop=False)
    net.setInput(blob)
    (scores, geometry) = net.forward(layerNames)

    # Grab the number of rows and columns from the scores volume, then
    # initialize our set of bounding box rectangles and corresponding
    # confidence scores
    (numRows, numCols) = scores.shape[2:4]
    rects = []
    confidences = []

    # Loop over the number of rows
    for y in range(0, numRows):
        # Extract the scores (probabilities), followed by the geometrical
        # data used to derive potential bounding box coordinates that
        # surround text
        scoresData = scores[0, 0, y]
        xData0 = geometry[0, 0, y]
        xData1 = geometry[0, 1, y]
        xData2 = geometry[0, 2, y]
        xData3 = geometry[0, 3, y]
        anglesData = geometry[0, 4, y]

        # Loop over the number of columns
        for x in range(0, numCols):
            # If our score does not have sufficient probability, ignore it
            if scoresData[x] < confidence:
                continue

            # Compute the offset factor as our resulting feature maps will
            # be 4x smaller than the input image
            (offsetX, offsetY) = (x * 4.0, y * 4.0)

            # Extract the rotation angle for the prediction and then
            # compute the sin and cosine
            angle = anglesData[x]
            cos = np.cos(angle)
            sin = np.sin(angle)

            # Use the geometry volume to derive the width and height of
            # the bounding box
            h = xData0[x] + xData2[x]
            w = xData1[x] + xData3[x]

            # Compute both the starting and ending (x, y)-coordinates for
            # the text prediction bounding box
            endX = int(offsetX + (cos * xData1[x]) + (sin * xData2[x]))
            endY = int(offsetY - (sin * xData1[x]) + (cos * xData2[x]))
            startX = int(endX - w)
            startY = int(endY - h)

            # Add the bounding box coordinates and probability score to
            # our respective lists
            rects.append((startX, startY, endX, endY))
            confidences.append(scoresData[x])

    # Apply non-maxima suppression to suppress weak, overlapping bounding
    # boxes
    boxes = non_max_suppression(np.array(rects), probs=confidences)

    # Loop over the bounding boxes
    for (startX, startY, endX, endY) in boxes:
        # Scale the bounding box coordinates based on the respective
        # ratios
        startX = int(startX * rW)
        startY = int(startY * rH)
        endX = int(endX * rW)
        endY = int(endY * rH)

        # Draw the bounding box on the image
        cv2.rectangle(original, (startX, startY), (endX, endY), (36, 255, 12), 2)
    return original

# Convert to grayscale and Otsu's threshold
image = cv2.imread('1.png')
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
clean = thresh.copy()

# Remove horizontal lines
horizontal_kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (15,1))
detect_horizontal = cv2.morphologyEx(thresh, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, horizontal_kernel, iterations=2)
cnts = cv2.findContours(detect_horizontal, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cnts = cnts[0] if len(cnts) == 2 else cnts[1]
for c in cnts:
    cv2.drawContours(clean, [c], -1, 0, 3)

# Remove vertical lines
vertical_kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (1,30))
detect_vertical = cv2.morphologyEx(thresh, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, vertical_kernel, iterations=2)
cnts = cv2.findContours(detect_vertical, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cnts = cnts[0] if len(cnts) == 2 else cnts[1]
for c in cnts:
    cv2.drawContours(clean, [c], -1, 0, 3)

# Remove non-text contours (curves, diagonals, circlar shapes)
cnts = cv2.findContours(clean, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cnts = cnts[0] if len(cnts) == 2 else cnts[1]
for c in cnts:
    area = cv2.contourArea(c)
    if area > 1500:
        cv2.drawContours(clean, [c], -1, 0, -1)
    peri = cv2.arcLength(c, True)
    approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(c, 0.02 * peri, True)
    x,y,w,h = cv2.boundingRect(c)
    if len(approx) == 4:
        cv2.rectangle(clean, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), 0, -1)

# Bitwise-and with original image to remove contours
filtered = cv2.bitwise_and(image, image, mask=clean)
filtered[clean==0] = (255,255,255)

# Perform EAST text detection
result = EAST_text_detector(image, filtered)

cv2.imshow('filtered', filtered)
cv2.imshow('result', result)
cv2.waitKey()