What is aliasing and how does it affect performance?

Question

At the GoingNative event, during the Interactive Panel on Day2 at the 9 minute mark, Chandler Carruth says:

Pointers create aliasing problems. They slow d

Answer 1

Aliasing affects performance by preventing the compiler from doing certain optimizations. For example:

void foo(int *array,int *size,int *value) {
    for(int i=0;i<*size;++i) {
        array[i] = 2 * *value;
    }
}

Looking at this code you might expect that the compiler could load *value once outside the loop and then set every element in the array to that value very quickly. But this isn't the case due to aliasing. Because *value could be an alias for an element of the array it could change on any given iteration. Therefore the code has to load the value every single iteration, resulting in a potentially large slowdown.

If the variables could not alias then the above code would be equivalent to the following:

void foo(int *array,int size,int value) {
    for(int i=0;i

Using LLVM's online demo to get the generated code, here are the different results:

1) With aliasing

foo:                                    # @foo
    .cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
    cmpl    $0, (%rsi)
    jle .LBB0_3
# BB#1:
    xorl    %eax, %eax
    .align  16, 0x90
.LBB0_2:                                # %.lr.ph
                                        # =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
    movl    (%rdx), %ecx
    addl    %ecx, %ecx
    movl    %ecx, (%rdi,%rax,4)
    incq    %rax
    cmpl    (%rsi), %eax
    jl  .LBB0_2
.LBB0_3:                                # %._crit_edge
    ret
    .size   foo, .Ltmp1-foo
    .cfi_endproc
.Leh_func_end0:

---

2) Without aliasing

foo:                                    # @foo
    .cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
    testl   %esi, %esi
    jle .LBB0_3
# BB#1:                                 # %.lr.ph
    addl    %edx, %edx
    .align  16, 0x90
.LBB0_2:                                # =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
    movl    %edx, (%rdi)
    addq    $4, %rdi
    decl    %esi
    jne .LBB0_2
.LBB0_3:                                # %._crit_edge
    ret
    .size   foo, .Ltmp1-foo
    .cfi_endproc
.Leh_func_end0:

You can see that the version with aliasing has to do more work in the loop body (between the labels LBB0_2 and LBB0_3).