My computer is running Ubuntu-16.04-LTS and OpenCV-2.4.13 is already installed on it. However, I would like to use the functionalities of newer versions of OpenCV, such as OpenC
While you are setting up the include files to use the newly installed OpenCV headers, you are linking against the opencv on your system path. The version is just stored in the headers, which is why it's outputting the expected version but failing to link. Try setting the variable "OpenCV_DIR" to the location of the OpenCVConfig.cmake file you want to use before running the find module.
See the documentation for your version of cmake here. Note the two modes that find_package can be run in (Module or Config mode).
Unless you are linking to static libraries, you will still have problems running your library / application. To fix that, you'll need to add the libraries to your LD_LIBRARY_PATH.