Python Multiprocessing Locks

Question

This multiprocessing code works as expected. It creates 4 Python processes, and uses them to print the numbers 0 through 39, with a delay after each print.

impor         


        

Answer 1

Other answers already provide the answer that the apply_async silently fails unless an appropriate error_callback argument is provided. I still found OP's other point valid -- the official docs do indeed show multiprocessing.Lock being passed around as a function argument. In fact, the sub-section titled "Explicitly pass resources to child processes" in Programming guidelines recommends passing a multiprocessing.Lock object as function argument instead of a global variable. And, I have been writing a lot of code in which I pass a multiprocessing.Lock as an argument to the child process and it all works as expected.

So, what gives?

I first investigated whether multiprocessing.Lock is pickle-able or not. In Python 3, MacOS+CPython, trying to pickle multiprocessing.Lock produces the familiar RuntimeError encountered by others.

>>> pickle.dumps(multiprocessing.Lock())
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
 in 
----> 1 pickle.dumps(multiprocessing.Lock())

/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.3/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/multiprocessing/synchronize.py in __getstate__(self)
     99
    100     def __getstate__(self):
--> 101         context.assert_spawning(self)
    102         sl = self._semlock
    103         if sys.platform == 'win32':

/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.3/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/multiprocessing/context.py in assert_spawning(obj)
    354         raise RuntimeError(
    355             '%s objects should only be shared between processes'
--> 356             ' through inheritance' % type(obj).__name__
    357             )

RuntimeError: Lock objects should only be shared between processes through inheritance

To me, this confirms that multiprocessing.Lock is indeed not pickle-able.

Aside begins

But, the same lock still needs to be shared across two or more python processes which will have their own, potentially different address spaces (such as when we use "spawn" or "forkserver" as start methods). multiprocessing must be doing something special to send Lock across processes. This other StackOverflow post seems to indicate that in Unix systems, multiprocessing.Lock may be implemented via named semaphores that are supported by the OS itself (outside python). Two or more python processes can then link to the same lock that effectively resides in one location outside both python processes. There may be a shared memory implementation as well.

Aside ends

Can we pass multiprocessing.Lock object as an argument or not?

After a few more experiments and more reading, it appears that the difference is between multiprocessing.Pool and multiprocessing.Process.

multiprocessing.Process lets you pass multiprocessing.Lock as an argument but multiprocessing.Pool doesn't. Here is an example that works:

import multiprocessing
import time
from multiprocessing import Process, Lock


def task(n: int, lock):
    with lock:
        print(f'n={n}')
    time.sleep(0.25)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    multiprocessing.set_start_method('forkserver')
    lock = Lock()
    processes = [Process(target=task, args=(i, lock)) for i in range(20)]
    for process in processes:
        process.start()
    for process in processes:
        process.join()

Note the use of __name__ == '__main__' is essential as mentioned in the "Safe importing of main module" sub-section of Programming guidelines.

multiprocessing.Pool seems to use queue.SimpleQueue which puts each task in a queue and that's where pickling happens. Most likely, multiprocessing.Process is not using pickling (or doing a special version of pickling).